Past Continuous Worksheets for ESL Students

The past continuous and continuous forms, in general, are used with action verbs such as talk, drive, play, etc. The  continuous form  is not used with stative verbs such as be, seem, taste, etc. Some  stative verbs  can be used as  action verbs  so there are some exceptions. For example, smell - It smelled good. (stative verb) / He was smelling the roses when she walked by the window  (action verb.)​ Positive Form Subject to be (was, were) present participle (ing form of verb) objects: Jane was typing the letter when he walked into the room.Theyre were discussing the problem at 11. Past Continuous Negative Form Subject to be (was, were) not verb objects Jack wasnt watching TV. He was cooking dinner.We werent wasting time! We were working hard. Past Continuous Question Form (Question Word) to be (was, were) subject present participle (ing form of verb)? What were you doing at seven oclock?Was Jennifer paying attention during the meeting? Past Continuous Usage The past continuous is used to talk about what was happening at a  specific  moment in the past. Alex was knitting a sweater at 10:30 yesterday morning.My friends were waiting for me at nine oclock. The past continuous is also  often used together with the past simple to express what was happening when something important occurred. They were working on the project when she burst into the room.I was thinking about him when the telephone rang. Guess who it was?! Important Time Expressions These time expressions are commonly used with the past continuous to express a  past action  occurring at a specific moment in the past. At/At that Moment At and at that moment refer to a specific point of time in the past. These two expressions are often used with the past continuous. It is more common to use the past simple to speak in general, but if you want to express what was happening at a precise moment of time in the past, use the past continuous. She was having breakfast at 6.45 this morning.We were working on his request at 10 pm.Alan wasnt meeting with Tom at 9. He was meeting with Dennis. When/As When is used with the past simple to express an important event that occurred in the past. The past continuous is used to express what was happening at that moment. They were getting ready when he came home.Alice wasnt thinking when she said that.What were you doing when he asked the question? While While is used with the past continuous to express something that was happening at the same moment in time that something else was occurring. During During is used with a noun or a noun phrase to express an event during which something was happening. I was typing while he was dictating.She wasnt paying attention during the meeting.Jackson was working while she was having a good time. Past Continuous Worksheet 1 Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the past continuous tense. In the case of questions, use the indicated subject as well. What _____ (you do) when he arrived?She _____ (watch) TV at two oclock.They _____ (not sleep) at five oclock.Peter _____ (work) when I telephoned.Tim _____ (study) German while they were studying French.I _____ (not pay attention) during the presentation._____ (Brian talk) during the lesson?We _____ (not cook) when he walked in the door.Jason _____ (play) the piano at three oclock yesterday afternoon.When _____ (Howard give) the presentation exactly?Andrea _____ (not expect) you to arrive so early!What _____ (you think) when you said that?!_____ (she do) the housework when you telephoned?Carlos _____ (drink) tea when I walked into the room.They _____ (meet) with Smith and Co at exactly 2.35 pm.My cousin _____ (not have) a good time when I arrived.They _____ (discuss) the issue when she telephoned._____ (they work) in the garden when you arrived?She _____ (sleep) so he entered the room softly.They _____ (not take) notes during the presentation, but paying attention to every word. Past Continuous Worksheet 2 Choose the correct time expression used with the past continuous tense. What were you doing (while/during) the meeting?Tim was finishing the report (in/at) five oclock.They were discussing the problem (when/at) I walked into the room.Jackson wasnt listening (while/during) he was explaining the situation.Was Alice paying attention (while/during) the presentation?They were having a quiet breakfast (this/at) morning when he arrived.What were they doing (when/in) that happened?Sheila was playing the piano (while/during) he was working on the computer.I was working at the computer (at/on) seven oclock this morning.Alex wasnt playing golf (this/at) morning. He was working.What were they doing (in/at) four oclock?She was working quietly (when/for) he opened the door.Peter wasnt doing the housework (that/yesterday) morning. He was working in the garden.Where were they sleeping (at/when) he got home last night?Jason was thinking about the problem (when/at) he asked for an answer.Our teacher was explaining math (from/when) he burst into the room with the news.Dilb ert was working at the computer (on/at) four oclock this morning!Were they listening (as/at) he asked the question?She wasnt working (when/in) he came into the office.They werent thinking about that (at/when) they made the decision. Answers Worksheet 1 were you doingwas watchingwerent sleepingwas workingwas studyingwasnt paying attentionwas Brian talkingwerent cookingwas playingwas Howard givingwasnt expectingwere you thinkingWas she doingwas drinkingwere meetingwasnt havingwere discussingWere they workingwas sleepingwerent taking Answers Worksheet 2 duringatwhenwhileduringthiswhenwhileatthisatwhenyesterdaywhenwhenwhenataswhenwhen

The Importance Of A Student s Elementary Career - 2473 Words

As an educator, it is my main goal to meet the individual needs of each and every one of my students. I want them to be able to think critically when it comes to reading and writing and most importantly, be comfortable in the classroom. It is also a goal of mine to be able to track the progress of each of my students in the classroom from the first days of school until the closing days so that I can not only show parents how far they’ve come, but to show them as well. Young students struggle to find their niche in life and in the classroom and showing them how far they’ve come is a great confidence booster and a huge motivator for future success. Literacy is one of the single most important aspects of a student’s elementary career. Literacy is a huge stepping stone for the real world, and it is vital to introduce students to different types of texts in order to familiarize them with different types of readings and build their confidence in order to prepare themselves for the real world. In order to reach full literacy, one must focus on four main aspects of balanced literacy instruction. These are reading, writing, oral language and assessments. Factors that also affect the success of students are classroom environment, and lesson delivery. Literacy in Reading and Writing Literacy has a tendency to begin in reading and writing. It is important to meet the needs of every student in literacy classes regardless of age. Morrow and Tracey state â€Å"Instead of waitingShow MoreRelatedTransitions Of Career Development And Transition Programs836 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are numerous transitions students face within the school setting. Since school counselors support students in academic, career and college, and social and personal development, school counselors are in key positions to provide students with opportunities, equity, and access to programs that support smooth transitions and college and career readiness (Erford, 2015). Career development and transition programs are important because they support they can provide students with access and informationRead MoreStages Of Education : An Essential Prerequisite Of Modernization1199 Words   |  5 Pagesit s optional, not required, and it s not considered part of a child s formal education. Children at this level typically do more hands-on play sort of stuff, not actual schoolwork (although they may still learn basic things such as letters), which is important and helps them to learn to say words. A child can usually attend preschool anywhere from age 2 1/2 to 5. There is also a program called pre-kindergarten which is supposed to prepare the child for kindergarten. Then comes Elementary, whichRead More My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay examples960 Words   |  4 PagesI had in elementary school. I even played school with my friends and pretended I had my own classroom. I loved being in charge. During a summer, I was given the opportunity to work as an Energy Express mentor and work with a group of eight children. This was one of the most wonderful experiences I have ever been through. I was a mentor to help guide the children, and by the end of the summer I felt as if I had really accomplished something. I am planning to pursue a career in elementary educationRead MoreInterview With High School Age Children986 Words   |  4 Pagesshe could make the biggest impact at the schoolhouse level. â€Å"Secondary age requires a greater guidance than elementary,† Mrs. Colbert said. By the time they graduate, as a young adult, they must obtain and align their academics with skills and competencies for survival she expressed. She entire ly supports the district’s vision of college and career readiness upon graduation. The importance of graduation rate increase is a concern of administration in the district as well as the state’s goal. ThisRead MoreThe Teacher Is An Impact On Someone s Life1120 Words   |  5 PagesBiology Teacher Imagine making an impact on someone s life. Being the reason why a student never gave up of their dreams. Is amazing as it seems teachers are the sole reasons for the growth of the nation. Walking into a school and instantly seeing the potential in every student. The long days are staying to tutor a student hoping one day they make an impacts as strong as yours. The teacher plays an important role in school. In order to fulfill his duties effectively they must possess certain qualitiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Motivation As A Teacher1512 Words   |  7 PagesAn Introduction to the Importance of Motivation As explained by Lou Holtz, â€Å"[i]t’s not the load that breaks you down, it’s the way you carry it.† His statement is true for the importance of motivation. As a teacher candidate, learning the concept of motivation is crucial for my well-being and for the future of my students. The way that students are taught and encouraged have a huge impact on their careers and their life. In this paper I will be exploring how I was motivated during my earlier yearsRead MoreThe Music Of A Music Educator1342 Words   |  6 Pagesinadequate, it’s usually the first program to be revoked (Bartimoccia). Meaning it is no longer available to students. In regards to this, superb and prosperous music instructors are significant to society because without them music programs and all other music activities or people don t have an opportunity to make it into the musical business. A music educator is a rewarding job because they help students learn about general music, choral or voice, music, instrumental music, or a combination of all musicRead MoreRecruitment And Retention Of Nontraditional Students1689 Words   |  7 PagesNontraditional Students The reality for career technical educators with regard to broadening representation of both men and women in nontraditional careers is that there needs to be a creative recruitment strategy designed that utilizes the enthusiasm and talents of successful role models (Lucci Jr., W., 2007). Effective recruitment and teaching practices can help educators create learning situations that are conducive for all students to learn, especially those nontraditional students in career clustersRead MoreThe Music Of A Music Educator1264 Words   |  6 Pagesenough, it’s usually the first program to be cancelled (Bartimoccia). Meaning it is no longer available to students. With this in mind, good and successful music instructors are important to society because without them music programs and all other musical activities or people don t have a chance to make it into the musical business. A music educator is a rewarding job because they help students learn about general music, choral or voice music , instrumental music, or a combination of all music. Read MoreTuition Free Public College Education1677 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States, in order to get ahead in a career or go up the social ladder, one needs a college degree. Yet, for some American students, college has been made inaccessible. Public colleges should be made tuition-free in the United States because of the importance of accessible free public educational institutions, increasing tuition costs, and the resulting educated workforce. Public colleges should be tuition-free because of the importance of accessible free public education. In order to

Significance of ingot Free Essays

To look into the significance of metal bar during the Bronze Age within the Mediterranean trade industry. Chapter I: Introduction The significance of the metal bars in the Bronze Age has long been recognized in the development of metallurgical engineering, societal organisation and the primary focal point of this research, the Mediterranean trade industry. The metal metal bars, peculiarly those made from Cu and Sn became an of import facet in the Bronze Age trade, as they were the majority of the ship ‘s lading. We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of ingot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore the location of these metal ores occur in geographically localized countries, which would hold limited entree of prehistoric communities to metals, which hence encouraged long distance trade between them. ( Jones, 2007, 1 ) Copper was particularly an of import natural stuff as it was used for doing tools, arms and status-enhancing luxury goods. Furthermore, Cu was the chief constituent within the sea trade. Evidence found on Mesopotamia and Dilmun, Egypt, Levant, the Aegean and subsequently the cardinal Mediterranean suggests ladings were much easier to transport by sea than by overland. The shipwrecks at Uluburun ( c.1300B.C ) and Cape Gelidonya ( c.1200B.C ) provide direct grounds for the conveyance of Cu metal bars by sea. This has hence influenced Mediterranean civilizations to increase nautical trade and established interregional contacts for Cu and Sn entree. This besides applies for metals such as gold, Ag and led which besides played a function in long-distance t rade, thought non in the same measures as Cu. There have been many arguments for the exact nature of this trade. Muhly references that the metal metal bars would supply us â€Å" a proper apprehension of the nature and the range of this trade. † ( 1977, 73 ) However, we can non establish our hypothesis on understanding Bronze Age trade on the metal metal bars entirely as â€Å" The metals trade would hold differed considerable in volume and organisation in different parts, depending on locally available resources, geographics, established trade paths, local metallurgical engineering, and assorted societal and political factors. † ( Jones, 2007, 3 ) The most direct grounds for an analysis of early trade comes from Tell el Amarna. The three-hundred-eighty-two clay tabular arraies found within the metropolis, where records of elusive communicating with foreign powers. These clay tablets provide grounds that the function of the metal metal bars in the development of long-distance trade in metals varied over clip. Howev er they provide no grounds for the beginnings of Sn and Cu which suggest that they must hold been imported from states such as Cyprus. Cyprus is by and large known for its laterality within the Cu production. â€Å" This historical state of affairs is well-known among Cypriot and Mediterranean archeologists, and the Cu ingots represent the terminal merchandise of a complex procedure affecting the excavation, smelting and casting of Cu. â€Å" ( Knapp, Kassianidou, Donnelly, 2001, 204 ) However this ‘historical state of affairs ‘ was really complex and ill understood. Nevertheless the grounds shows that the Cypriots played a dominant function within the Cu industry. Sites, such as the Troodos Mountains in western and cardinal Cyprus, contained the largest measure of Cu ore in the Mediterranean ; therefore becomes an of import beginning within the Cu metallurgy in the Late Cypriot societies. Other sites in Cyprus were besides important in understanding the Cu metallurgy. By the Late Cypriot period ( c.1400-1100B.C. ) many sites became affluent regional Centres ; sites such as Enkomi, Hala Sultan Tekke, Kition and several other colonies. These metropoliss were of import in understanding trade, due to their part in Cu production and export. These metropoliss nevertheless, did non bring forth any paperss affecting trade like the castles ; a few Bronze Age letterings found called ‘Cypro-Minoan ‘ . These were undeciphered syllabic books which have been suggested to incorporate economic texts, votive letterings, or for case the clay balls from Enkomi and Kition contained short fables. However a figure of archeologists believe that the map of these books is yet to be known. Nonetheless epigraphers suggested that these texts show marks from a Cypro-Minoan alphabet, which may be identified on trade points such as the Cypriot and Mycenaean clayware and a assortment of oxhide metal bars. This connexion between the books and the goods has late been well-established. Equally of import as Cyprus was within the Cu production, archaeologists struggled to bring out grounds for Bronze Age smelting activities. Virtually all the scoria sedimentations discovered on the excavation countries dated to periods after the Bronze Age. â€Å" While more grounds for Middle and Late Cypriot Cu excavation and metallurgical production is available today, unluckily this grounds is by and large fragmental and hard to construe. † ( Jones, 2007, 6 ) However, the led isotope analysis proved to be really successful and accurate, as it measured the stable isotopes of lead utilizing a mass spectrometer in order to qualify peculiar samples. This method severally measured the samples ‘ radioactive concentration harmonizing to the geological age of the lead ores. This analysis would supply archeologists with near-conclusive grounds that Cypriot Cu was exported on a important graduated table. The chemical and metallographic analysis show high measures of pre Cu within the oxhide metal bars. This analysis suggests a high demand and production for Cu in the Bronze Age. Another of import facet of Bronze Age trade were the shipwreck finds, particularly those found at Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya. Each of these shipwrecks provide of import information for the nature and organisation of the Cu trade within the period of 1300-1200B.C. The Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya ladings contained the largest measures of Cu metal bars, particularly Uluburun which about contained over 10 dozenss of Cu and one ton of Sn metal bars. The three-hundred and 54 metal bars found within this lading exceed old ladings found on land and on submerged sites. Other important goods found within the Uluburun lading include a big figure of glass metal bars, about one ton of terebinth rosin in Canaanite jars, Cypriot clayware in several pithoi, and a broad assortment of luxury goods plus other points such as the personal ownerships of the crew and riders which bordered the ship. These goods were besides notable as they are an indicant for directional trade ; points such as the Nefertit i Scarabaeus sacer. On the other manus the Cape Gelidonya ship is significantly different. This complete digging contained in its vessel 34 complete Cu oxhide ingots every bit good as other ingot types. The Cape Gelidonya ship seems to hold a lower position that the Uluburun ship as it was a great trade smaller in size that the Uluburun ship and the goods it contained and transported have a lower value. These shipwrecks raise a figure of theories which are of import in understanding Bronze Age trade. How important was the position of the goods found within the ladings? Are the smaller ladings, for case the one found at Cape Gelidonya, more typical that the larger 1s? How common was the transit of the Cu and Sn metal bars? How does this alter our position on the Bronze Age trade? This inquiry besides applies to land-based transit. The most appropriate would be that the production and circulation of metals occurred in several different ways to one another. However this response is really by and large used, as there are a figure of possibilities to differences between Cu and Sn metal bars. However the most dominant accounts are the fluctuations of trade mechanisms, the geological and geographical factors, the societal organisation of societies involved and the utilizations to which the metals were employed. These are a few of the accounts used to assist us associate Cu and Sn metal bar s to Bronze Age trade and let us to understand the differences between each metal bar. Furthermore we could now do the theory that by analyzing these metal bars in deepness would let us to acknowledge the trade paths within the Mediterranean. There are a scope of grounds which describe the trade and production of Cu, Sn and other metals in the Bronze Age. The most common are the textual grounds of Tell el Amarna, Mesopotamia, Aegean, Syria-Palestine and Anatolia. However the iconographic grounds is besides of equal importance as several civilizations such as the Egyptians, Cypriots and Mycenaean ‘s represented their oxhide metal bars in pictural signifiers. These â€Å" Representations of oxhide metal bars demonstrate a cultural group ‘s acquaintance with Cu metal bars in this signifier and therefore their entree to interregional trade paths connected with the beginning or beginnings of Cu used to do oxhide metal bars. † ( Jones, 2007, 9 ) Iconographic grounds such as the pictures and reliefs found at Sahure ‘s burial temple represent the ships ‘ crews. This provides information on the ship ‘s beginning and information on the different foreign groups involved within the Mediterranean t rade. How to cite Significance of ingot, Essay examples

Syrian Civil War free essay sample

The fight between the rebels and the government continue; the rebels wanting the current president Bashar Al-Assad to step down, while the government maintains their support to the president instead of the people. The rebels fight for what they believe will win them more democracy and freedom. They feel repressed by their current leader and government, and want a change so that the people will have a stronger voice in the government. The oppression resulting from unjust dictatorship has shaped Syria politically, economically, and socially. When the Middle East has huge headlines in the news, most likely Syria has been involved. Syria has been entrenched in a fierce civil war and the politics are just as bad. Syria has been a country that has been at the focal point of most of the Middle Eastern politics recently. The Syrians are recently going through a civil war that has completely ravished the country as a whole. Even the US President Barack Obama was asked to involve and help to stop this conflict, however he did not seem to be into involving into another Middle-East conflict. The cause of the Syrian civil war rose from the demonstrations against government. As in every armed conflict the trigger was the use of brutal force against unarmed protestants. The cause of this war follows also from the bad living conditions in the country of Syria, but that would be another story. Now, let’s take a closer look on the discussion between Barack Obama and Turkish Prime Minister. â€Å"While the Turkish and US leaders agree that Syrias President Assad must be ousted to end the slaughter, the meeting was by far not all Erdogan had hoped for: Obama continues to reject arming the Syrian opposition† (Schlie? 2013). The Turkish prime minister, â€Å"Erdogans wish to have the US take a stronger stance on Syria† (Schlie? , 2013). However, the US president said, â€Å"Washington has a moral and national security incentive to stop the killing† (Schlie? , 2013); they would not act since there would not be stronger evidence about the usage of chemical weapons. Chemical weapons seem to be the main reason US do not want to involve fo r now. As Barack Obama said â€Å"that solid evidence of chemical weaponry would constitute a red line in the onflict and produce major consequences,† added â€Å"is important for us to make sure that were able to get more specific information about what exactly is happening there† (Sterling, 2013). It seems like a good point from US president not to send weapons and troops somewhere without knowing how the bloody situation will turn out in few months, but on the other hand this act opened many discussion if US really needs to involve as Turkish prime minister asked for. Barrack Obama during the discussion pointed out that US wants to â€Å"find a solution that brings peace to Syria, stabilizes the region, stabilizes those chemical weapons, but its not going to be something that the United States does by itself† (Sterling, 2013). US president just „wants to be convinced not just that things will get worse without American intervention, but that US action will actually improve matters† (Rachman, 2013). If the US will involve and the situation in Syria would go worse and unstable US will be blamed for the situation and that is something that Obama wants to predict. For instance the approach of Barack Obama is disputable for the German Security expert Horst Teltschik, who says, â€Å"US and European intelligence should be able to differentiate after two years which groups should be supported and which ones shouldnt† (Schlie? , 2013). Schlieb also stated another possibility pointing out Israel has hit Syria with its air force three times already without eliciting a response† (Schlie? , 2013). Should Turkey use their air force to attack strategic map points like presidential palace or military basements? That’s a question asked by Mr. Teltschik. However, this is â€Å"not a very realistic scenario in the run up to the international conference on Syria that US Foreign Minister John Kerry had agreed to in Moscow† (Schlie? , 2013). To predict being lost in this international relation conflict I would focus on the Obama’s decision resulted from the article that I have chosen. Obama is not likely to act right know without having wider information about the situation in the country. It is also known that chemical weapons where used before in the Syrian war. To analyze the decision of the US president Barack Obama, I would use three level analyses starting with the individual level, domestic level and system level to analyze the interstate causes. However, some of the answers and opinions were written in the text above, I would like to be specific and concrete when analyzing this international problem. Individual level of analysis The individual level of analysis is focused on choices and actions of individual human beings, in our case the US president Barack Obama. As written before his attitude toward more involvement in the Syrian civil war is to wait, stand by side, because there is poor evidence about the chemical weapons and the actual situation in the Syria. Also other states should say their opinion and help the Syria. The theory of reciprocity is visible in this case. Theory of reciprocity is a psychological theory referring to responding to positive actions by another positive actions. This theory is functioning vice versa. Obama thinks that involving into Syrian conflict will result into more bloodshed and make the situation in the country even worse, at least involving for now. To be clear, when something bad will happen in the Syria during the US involvement, all the bad things will be credited to the US, as mentioned in this paper before. Violence only begets violence. Obama is a one of the most powerful leaders in the world, but the government of the US may influence him. In this level of analysis is better to understand Obama as a normal person as everybody else is. His words and thoughts may influence life of thousand even millions of people all over the world. That is the power of great leaders. His decision and attitude is pointing at the fact that he, as a person, is not yet convinced with his own thinking. He personally needs to hear more people talking about this conflict. It is a deep psychological understanding of the problem, but brings explanations to actions taken by the leaders. Now let’s approach to the state level of analysis. State level of analysis The levels of analysis are interconnected within each other. State level of analysis states that individuals within the state may influence the state actions on the international arena. In the individual level is written that Obama may be influenced with the groups such as government, political parties or another interests group. This may lead to the influencing whole country in the international area. For example â€Å"Dennis Ross, who until November 2011 was Mr. Obama’s top adviser on the Middle East, now urges providing â€Å"lethal aid† to the Syrian rebels† (Rachman, 2013). There are many people and interest groups that may influence Obama and so the whole country. Another great example of state level analysis may be a different view of republicans. A growing chorus of Republican lawmakers are demanding that President Obama take some action in Syria so that they can attack whatever action he took in Syria† (Borowitz, 2013). Republicans are against Obama’s democracy and so are waiting for any bad movement from democratic side of the government to easily get more votes and better position in the government by making Obama’ s decisions bad for the country. Furthermore, Obama’s bad decision will lead to democrats have better position and so the whole country would take another approach against different problems. The last level of analysis for this paper is the international level. International level of analysis This is the most important level of analysis because it takes into consideration the interaction between states without paying attention to individuals or groups in the country. There are several countries involved in this conflict. Most involved ones seem to be Turkey as a neighbor of Syria, US, and also Russia or Israel. Turkey asked for help US. US seems to wait a little how will the situation crystalize and for now does not want to directly involve by helping any side in the Syria. Turkey as a neighbor country with Syria see the great opportunity in US, as the US is the powerful country that may help them solve the bad conditions on their borders. Another international relations theory may be applicable here, theory of dominance. Since the US is considered as one of the most powerful countries in the world, the closest modern state to be defined as hegemonic one, it can work with their international attitude. It means that by waiting or not taking any action may influence other states to take an action on different fields. Other countries will wait for the US to take a first step to start acting too. This level of analysis shows that countries and their actions are based on the actions of another countries in the international field. Nobody wants to be the bad one. Summary The Syrian civil war conflict is the most discussed topic nowadays. There are many opinions how to solve the bloody situations and bring the peace into the country. From my point of view most important factors/approaches when explaining what happened is to take a look at the problem from different angles. There is always more than one definition of the problem. Go through the articles, collect information and analyze them by using any approach that fits your thinking. Never stop reading and exploring, there is always something more to think about when explaining what happened. To sum up this paper, I would like to say that in some parts of this paper may be visible my own attitude toward the conflict even though I tried to avoid being personal. There is much more to say to this topic. I recommend reading articles founded on the web because this is an international relation problem that may influence many people.

Miranda Rights free essay sample

The relationship between the Escobedo and Miranda laws is as follows: The Escobedo law came into effect because he was denied an attorney, thus his confession to his crime of murder was thrown out. In the Miranda case, his confession was also inadmissible because he was not aware of his rights to self- incrimination. The impact of both decisions made the law seem to protect the innocent and the guilty, that is why you are innocent until proven guilty. No one was allowed to talk to police without a lawyer present due to the possibility of police hanging the words around, or the suspect not understating their rights to remain silent. Two years after the Miranda ruling, Congress passed Title 18 Statue 3501, which appeared to override Miranda and return to the voluntariness standard. This new statue affected the Miranda ruling because as long as the criminals confession was deemed voluntary under the due process voluntariness test, the confession is admissible even if it was obtained before the person was read his or her Miranda arnings. We will write a custom essay sample on Miranda Rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These laws do both to protect individual rights and at the same time, provide loop holes for criminals. Everyone taken into custody needs to know their Constitutional rights to protect themselves from self incrimination. However, criminals can use this as a means to get away with a crime. For example the U. S. v. Dickerson case. Mr. Dickerson confessed to robbing a bank, but then later stated he was not read his rights, making the confession inadmissible in a court of law.

Free Essays on Call Of The Wild - Plot Summary

The Call of the Wild is about Buck, the son of a St. Bernard and a Scotch Shepherd dog, who was taken from his beautiful home in California to the treacherous Alaskan wilderness, where he discovers the the call of the wild within him. At first, Buck is a companion to Judge Miller and his family in the Santa Clara Valley, California. Because of the gold rush in the north, there is a demand for strong dogs that can lead sleds, and Buck is stolen from Judge Miller’s estate and transported north for sale as a sled dog. It is during this journey that the first changes emerge in Buck. Before being sold to Francois and Perrault, to join their team in sledding across the north, he is broken by the man in the red sweater. Though the man teaches him his first lesson in the law of club and fang, Buck allows himself to be broken only physically. He never would let man break his spirit. From this time on, Buck is initiated into a new world. He sees his friend, Curly, brutally killed, and he himself is beaten by both man and fellow dog as he adapts to his surrounding. As he adapts, Buck finds that he has a tendency to lead the pack, and soon grows an adversary in the current dog team leader, Spitz. From the very start of their rivalry, it is obvious that some harm will come to one of them. After much struggle and competition, Buck finally kills Spitz and takes over the lead of the team. After growing a sort of respect for Francois and Perrault, Buck and his team are sold to Hal, Mercedes and Charles. Hal, although inexperienced and very incompetent as a sledder, believes that he knows best despite the advice from other sledders. His sled is too heavy, and he pushes the dogs too hard. He fails to bring enough food, and the dogs start to become exhausted and starved. Through much laziness and poor judgment, Hal runs his dog team to the point of death, at which time Buck collapses. Hal inflicts blow after blow on him, and puts Buck closer and clo... Free Essays on Call Of The Wild - Plot Summary Free Essays on Call Of The Wild - Plot Summary The Call of the Wild is about Buck, the son of a St. Bernard and a Scotch Shepherd dog, who was taken from his beautiful home in California to the treacherous Alaskan wilderness, where he discovers the the call of the wild within him. At first, Buck is a companion to Judge Miller and his family in the Santa Clara Valley, California. Because of the gold rush in the north, there is a demand for strong dogs that can lead sleds, and Buck is stolen from Judge Miller’s estate and transported north for sale as a sled dog. It is during this journey that the first changes emerge in Buck. Before being sold to Francois and Perrault, to join their team in sledding across the north, he is broken by the man in the red sweater. Though the man teaches him his first lesson in the law of club and fang, Buck allows himself to be broken only physically. He never would let man break his spirit. From this time on, Buck is initiated into a new world. He sees his friend, Curly, brutally killed, and he himself is beaten by both man and fellow dog as he adapts to his surrounding. As he adapts, Buck finds that he has a tendency to lead the pack, and soon grows an adversary in the current dog team leader, Spitz. From the very start of their rivalry, it is obvious that some harm will come to one of them. After much struggle and competition, Buck finally kills Spitz and takes over the lead of the team. After growing a sort of respect for Francois and Perrault, Buck and his team are sold to Hal, Mercedes and Charles. Hal, although inexperienced and very incompetent as a sledder, believes that he knows best despite the advice from other sledders. His sled is too heavy, and he pushes the dogs too hard. He fails to bring enough food, and the dogs start to become exhausted and starved. Through much laziness and poor judgment, Hal runs his dog team to the point of death, at which time Buck collapses. Hal inflicts blow after blow on him, and puts Buck closer and clo...

Assessment item 3 Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assessment item 3 Individual Report - Essay Example largely based on the technological aspect of the business as the more advance the industry and the components are, the more competitive the business can become. So far, the business has been dominated by very few of the companies and it will not be unjust to say that out of all the companies, one company has maintained the most of the share in the market and is considered as the greatest producer of software and other concerned products. That company is the company of Microsoft which has given this business a shape of a Monopoly by dominating the revenues and the products thus controlling the prices and quality of the goods and services produced by it. Since the commencement of the technological era and the advancement in the field of computers and software generation, there has been vast interpretations and scrutiny relating to the market arrangement, pricing and strategic performance of the software development companies. Every time an innovative advancement come up and grows into a vibrant growth approach the initial participants expand enormous benefits as they become the first to add to the practice, the invested resources and the public Therefore, when challengers approach the market, they have to pull alongside prior to the fact that they can struggle to gain the same status. Microsoft can be said to be a good illustration of this fact. Microsoft developed into a monopoly for the reason that it was able to generate and put into effect worldwide data communication benchmarks for personal computers and they did it by producing series of operating systems and by presenting the type of mechanism that may well run their Operating Systems so their merchandise was able to be in each market place that they wanted it to be, thus making it a monopoly in the software business. (Linzmayer 1994) The software business makes Microsoft as a monopoly because of its character of having the advancements in the technology and the economies of scale which do not render

Government 1 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Government 1 - Dissertation Example Thus, if I discover that the government might be monitoring my e-mail and internet security, I would not only reduce the information I reveal on the internet, but I would also reduce the frequency at which I make use of the internet and try other means of communication. Freedom of expression should be allowed on the internet and there should not be any restriction on this (Atallah, 2010). This is due the fact that the internet has now become the main medium that people air their views, hence telling people that there is a limit to the way they can express themselves is like a violation on their fundamental human right. However, when the issue of the restriction of freedom of expression arises, there would be serious problems on the types of expression that should be restricted. There would be no standard yardstick as to the kind of things that people should be expected to talk about on the internet. Thus, it is not in any way desirable to restrict freedom of expression in any instanc e as people should be free to say anything they like on the internet. Reference Atallah, M. (2010). Privacy Enhancing Technologies: 10th International Symposium, PETS 2010, July 21-23, 2010, Berlin, Germany, Proceedings. New York: Springer.

User Centred Design for Web Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

User Centred Design for Web - Coursework Example The test was carried out by having the site on a computer and then supplying the youth with the scenario. The youth was told why he was supposed to carry out the activity. The developers had to stay aside and watch how the youth carried out the activity. The time that was taken by the youth to complete the activity had to be recorded. The more time the youth took to carry out an activity meant how hard navigation on the page was. Think aloud Technique This technique was to involve the chairman of the management committee. The method was chosen because it allowed the chairman to talk aloud of what he was doing in the website. The chairman was chosen because he was seen to be the person who would be more representative of the elderly Sudanese member visiting the site. The evaluation was carried out by having the paper prototype prepared and given to the chairman. The task of finding and uploading pictures within the gallery was to be carried out using the prototype. The developers had to record the thoughts of the chairman as he carried out the activity. The record would convey how the chairman intended to carry out the activity and the way he carried them using the site. The efficiency of the recording had to be ensured by having an audio recorder and also one of the developers writing down the important points. These will be evaluated later after the test. Lessons Learned The evaluation technique was a success because it identified main areas of weakness of our site. The evaluation technique arrived at changes to be carried on the site. One of the changes was on the gallery page. People suggested that a transformation tool needed to be included in the gallery. This tool would enable them make any changes to their pictures after uploading them on the site. The gallery also needed an additional feature to enable visitors label their pictures once they were online. Change on the menu was also identified. People suggested that they required the horizontal menu adde d at the top of the page. They claimed the horizontal menu is universal and that is the first menu they look for in a site. The evaluation was an eye opener how developers make software having themselves as the users in the mind. This thought makes them make complex software that can only be used by experts in the field. One of the place is the gallery where the group though that any user would have edited their picture before uploading it on the site which was wrong. It also brought to my attention how different users have different needs when using the same software. This was seen by seeing those activities being carried by the youths were different from those the elderly group required. Knowledge gained from the evaluation would be used in future in determining selection criteria of evaluators of software. The criteria will always take into consideration the age as a factor. This is because different people in different age groups like to carry out activities in different modes. In future the evaluation technique would be carried out using multiple evaluation techniques. This is because each evaluation technique identified new errors in the system that meaning the more the evaluation technique the more the improvement would be carried out on the system. This ensures maximum satisfaction of the clients with the system. Reflections on the design process The design process played a major part in testing my leadership skills. This was done because the whole development process involved interacting with different people who acted different. I had to take the

Typhoid Fever Signs, Symptoms and Treatments

Typhoid Fever Signs, Symptoms and Treatments Name of disease: Typhoid Fever 1. Aetiology: Typhoid fever, otherwise known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella typhi. S typhi has been a major human pathogen for thousands of years, thriving in conditions of poor sanitation, crowding, and social chaos. It might have been responsible for the Great Plague of Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War. The name S typhi is derived from the ancient Greek typhos, an ethereal smoke or cloud that was believed to cause disease and madness. In the advanced stages of typhoid fever, the patients level of consciousness is truly clouded. Although antibiotics have markedly reduced the frequency of typhoid fever in the developed world, it remains endemic in developing countries. This large genus of gram-negative bacilli within the family Enterobacteriaceae consists of two species: S. enterica, which contains six subspecies, and S. bongori. S. enterica subspecies I includes almost all the serotypes pathogenic for humans. According to the current Salmonella nomenclature system, the full taxonomic designation S. enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhimurium can be shortened to Salmonella serotype typhimurium or simply S. typhimurium. Salmonellae are gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively-anaerobic bacilli that measure 2–3 by 0.4–0.6 Â µm. The initial identification of salmonellae in the clinical microbiology laboratory was based on growth characteristics. Salmonellae produce acid on glucose fermentation, reduce nitrates, and do not produce cytochrome oxidase. In addition, all salmonellae except S. gallinarum-pullorum are motile by means of peritrichous flagella, and all but S. typhi produce gas (H2S) on sugar fermentation. Notably, only 1% of clinical isolates ferment lactose, and a high level of suspicion must be maintained to detect these rare clinical lactose-fermenters. 2. Incidence: Typhoid fever occurs worldwide, primarily in developing nations whose sanitary conditions are poor. Typhoid fever is endemic in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Oceania, but 80% of cases come from Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, or Vietnam. Within those countries, typhoid fever is most common in underdeveloped areas. Typhoid fever infects roughly 21.6 million people (incidence of 3.6 per 1,000 population) and kills an estimated 200,000 people every year. In the United States and other developed nations, most cases of typhoid fever arise in international travelers. 3. Pathogenesis : All Salmonella infections begin with ingestion of organisms, most commonly in contaminated food or water. The infectious dose is 103–106 colony-forming units. Conditions that decrease either stomach acidity or intestinal integrity increase susceptibility to Salmonella infection. Once S. typhi and S. paratyphi reach the small intestine, they penetrate the mucus layer of the gut and traverse the intestinal layer through phagocytic microfold (M) cells that reside within Peyer patches. After crossing the epithelial layer of the small intestine, S. typhi and S. paratyphi, which cause enteric (typhoid) fever, are phagocytosed by macrophages. These salmonellae survive the antimicrobial environment of the macrophage by sensing environmental signals that trigger alterations in regulatory systems of the phagocytosed bacteria. In addition, salmonellae encode a second type III secretion system that directly delivers bacterial proteins across the phagosome membrane into the macrophage cytoplasm. This secretion system functions to remodel the Salmonella-containing vacuole, promoting bacterial survival and replication. Once phagocytosed, typhoidal salmonellae disseminate throughout the body in macrophages via the lymphatics, and colonize reticuloendothelial tissues (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow). Patients have relatively few or no signs and symptoms during this initial incubation stage. Signs and symptoms, including fever and abdominal pain, probably result from secretion of cytokines by macrophages and epithelial cells in response to bacterial products that are recognized by innate immune receptors when a critical number of organisms have replicated. Over time, the development of hepatosplenomegaly is likely to be related to the recruitment of mononuclear cells and the development of a specific acquired cell-mediated immune response to S. typhi colonization. The recruitment of additional mononuclear cells and lymphocytes to Peyer patches during the several weeks after initial colonization/infection can result in marked enlargement and necrosis of the Peyer patches, which may be medi ated by bacterial products that promote cell death as well as the inflammatory response. 4. Clinical features : Typhoid fever begins 7-14 days after ingestion ofS typhi.The fever pattern is stepwise, characterized by a rising temperature over the course of each day that drops by the subsequent morning. The peaks and troughs rise progressively over time. Over the course of the first week of illness, the gastrointestinal manifestations of the disease develop. These include diffuse abdominal pain and tenderness and, in some cases, fierce colicky right upper quadrant pain and also constipation. The individual then develops a dry cough, dull frontal headache, delirium, and an increasingly stuporous malaise. At approximately the end of the first week of illness, the fever plateaus at 39-40Â °C. The patient develops rose spots, which are salmon-colored, blanching, truncal, maculopapules usually 1-4 cm wide and fewer than 5 in number; these generally resolve within 2-5 days. During the second week of illness, the signs and symptoms listed above progress. The abdomen becomes distended, and soft splenomegaly is common. Relative bradycardia and dicrotic pulse (double beat, the second beat weaker than the first) may develop. In the third week, the still febrile individual grows more toxic and anorexic with significant weight loss. The conjunctivae are infected, and the patient is tachypneic with a thready pulse and crackles over the lung bases. Abdominal distension is severe. Some patients experience foul, green-yellow, liquid diarrhea (pea soup diarrhea). The individual may descend into the typhoid state, which is characterized by apathy, confusion, and even psychosis. Necrotic Peyer patches may cause bowel perforation and peritonitis. This complication is often unheralded and may be masked by corticosteroids. At this point, overwhelming toxemia,myocarditis[C1], or intestinal hemorrhage may cause death. If the individual survives to the fourth week, the fever, mental state, and abdominal distension slowly improve over a few days. Intestinal and neurologic complications may still occur in surviving untreated individuals. Weight loss and debilitating weakness last months. Some survivors become asymptomaticS typhicarriers and have the potential to transmit the bacteria indefinitely. However, there are some atypical presentations of classical typhoid fever and the clinical course of a given individual with typhoid fever may deviate from the above description of classic disease. The timing of the symptoms and host response may vary based on geographic region, race factors, and the infecting bacterial strain. The stepladder fever pattern that was once the hallmark of typhoid fever now occurs in as few as 12% of cases. In most contemporary presentations of typhoid fever, the fever has a steady insidious onset[C2]. Young children, individuals with AIDS, and one third of immunocompetent adults who develop typhoid fever develop diarrhea rather than constipation[C3]. In addition, in some localities, typhoid fever is generally more apt to cause diarrhea than constipation. Atypical manifestations of typhoid fever include isolated severe headaches that may mimic meningitis, acute lobar pneumonia, isolated arthralgias, urinary symptoms, severe jaundice, or fever alone. 5. Complications: These include the following: Gastrointestinal bleeding (10–20%of patients), intestinal perforation (1–3% of patients).Others are neurologic manifestations which occur in 2–40% of patients, including: meningitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, neuritis, and neuropsychiatric symptoms usually described as muttering delirium or coma vigil, with picking at bedclothes or imaginary objects. Rare complications include: Disseminated intravascular coagulation, haematophagocytic syndrome, pancreatitis, hepatic and splenic abscesses and granulomas, endocarditis, pericarditis, myocarditis, orchitis, hepatitis, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome, severe pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, and parotitis. Fewer than 10% of patients develop mild relapse, usually within 2–3 weeks of fever resolution and in association with the same strain type and susceptibility profile.About 10% of untreated patients with typhoid fever excrete S. typhi in their feces for up to 3 months, and 1–4% develop chronic asymptomatic carriage, shedding S. typhi in either urine or stool for greater than one year. Chronic carriage is more common among women, infants, and persons who have biliary abnormalities or concurrent bladder infection with Schistosoma haematobium. 6. Examination and tests: The diagnosis of typhoid fever (enteric fever) is primarily clinical. However there are series of tests which could confirm the diagnosis . These tests are : Cultures: Blood, bone marrow, stool and urine specimens. Blood Cultures are widely considered 100% specific while culture of bone marrow aspirate is 90% sensitive until at least 5 days after commencement of antibiotics. The technique is extremely painful, which may outweigh its benefit. Blood, intestinal secretions (vomitus or duodenal aspirate), and stool culture results are positive for S typhi in approximately 85%-90% of patients with typhoid fever who present within the first week of onset. They decline to 20%-30% later in the disease course. In particular, stool culture may be positive for S typhi several days after ingestion of the bacteria secondary to inflammation of the intraluminal dendritic cells. Bone marrow aspiration and blood are cultured in a selective medium (eg, 10% aqueous oxgall) or a nutritious medium (eg, tryptic soy broth) and are incubated at 37Â °C for at least 7 days. Subcultures are made daily to one selective medium (eg, MacConkey agar) and one inhibitory medium (eg, Salmonella-Shigella agar). Identification of the organism with these conventional culture techniques usually takes 48-72 hours from acquisition. Molecular Method: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used for the diagnosis of typhoid fever with varying success. Nested PCR, which involves two rounds of PCR using two primers with different sequences within the H1-d flagellin gene of S typhi, offers the best sensitivity and specificity. Combining assays of blood and urine, this technique has achieved a sensitivity of 82.7% and reported specificity of 100%. Serologic tests : These are assays that identify Salmonella antibodies or antigens, supporting the diagnosis of typhoid fever, but these results should be confirmed with cultures or DNA evidence. The Widal test was the mainstay of typhoid fever diagnosis for decades. It is used to measure agglutinating antibodies against H and O antigens of S typhi. Neither sensitive nor specific, the Widal test is no longer an acceptable clinical method. Indirect hemagglutination, indirect fluorescent Vi antibody, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies to S typhi polysaccharide, as well as monoclonal antibodies against S typhi flagellin are promising, but the success rates of these assays vary greatly in the literature. Other non-specific laboratory studies Most patients with typhoid fever are moderately anemic, have an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), thrombocytopenia, and relative lymphopenia. Most also have a slightly elevated prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and decreased fibrinogen levels. Circulating fibrin degradation products commonly rise to levels seen in subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Liver transaminase and serum bilirubin values usually rise to twice the reference range. Mild hyponatremia and hypokalemia are common. A serum alanine amino transferase (ALT)–to–lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ratio of more than 9:1 appears to be helpful in distinguishing typhoid from viral hepatitis. A ratio of greater than 9:1 supports a diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis, while ratio of less than 9:1 supports typhoid hepatitis Differential diagnosis: This includes include Malaria, Hepatitis, Bacterial enteritis, dengue fever, rickettsial infections, leptospirosis, amebic liver abscesses, and acute HIV infection. 7. Risk factors: a Gastric Factors : Antacids, histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers), proton pump inhibitors, gastrostomy, and achlorhydria decrease stomach acidity and facilitate S typhi infection. b. Genetic and host factors: Genetic polymorphisms. c. Environmental and behavioural risk factors that are independently associated with typhoid fever include: 1. Eating food from street vendors, Living in the same household with someone who has new case of typhoid fever, Washing the hands inadequately, Sharing food from the same plate, Drinking unpurified water, and Living in a household that does not have a toilet 8. Treatment: The proper treatment approach to typhoid fever depends on whether the illness is complicated or uncomplicated. Complicated typhoid fever is characterized by melena (3% of all hospitalized patients with typhoid fever), serious abdominal discomfort, intestinal perforation, marked neuropsychiatric symptoms, or other severe manifestations. Depending on the adequacy of diagnosis and treatment, complicated disease may develop in up to 10% of treated patients. Medical Care: If a patient presents with unexplained symptoms suggestive of typhoid fever (enteric fever), broad-spectrum empiric antibiotics should be started immediately. Treatment should not be delayed for confirmatory tests since prompt treatment drastically reduces the risk of complications and fatalities. Antibiotic therapy should be narrowed once more information concerning the definitive diagnosis is available. Recommended antibiotic therapies are Cefixime, Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin per oral for uncomplicated cases, while Ceftriazone, Azstereonam, Cefotaxime and Imipenem could be administered intravenously for complicated cases . Patients with uncomplicated disease may be treated on an outpatient basis. They must be advised to use strict hand washing techniques and to avoid preparing food for others during the illness course. Hospitalized patients should be placed in contact isolation during the acute phase of the infection. Feces and urine must be disposed of safely. Surgical care: Surgery is usually indicated in cases of intestinal perforation. Most surgeons prefer simple closure of the perforation with drainage of the peritoneum. Small-bowel resection is indicated for patients with multiple perforations. If antibiotic treatment fails to eradicate the hepatobiliary carriage, the gallbladder should be resected. Cholecystectomy is not always successful in eradicating the carrier state because of persisting hepatic infection. 9. Home treatment of First Aid (where applicable): No home treatment for typhoid fever. 10. Prevention. This involves the following measures: Protect and chlorinatepublic water supplies. Provide safe water supplies and avoid possible back flow connections between sewers and water supplies. Dispose of human faecesin a sanitary manner and maintain fly-proof latrines. Use scrupulouscleanliness in food preparationand handling. Educate the public regarding theimportance of handwashing: this is important for food handlers and attendants involved in the care of patients and/or children. Immunization for typhoid fever is recommended for international travellers to endemic areas, especially if travel will involve exposure to unsafe food and water or close contact in rural areas and with indigenous populations 11. Local names in Nigeria: Akom in Igbo,; Zazabi chiwo nkpanyo in Hausa and iba jeefun jeefun in Yoruba.. 12. Endemic areas Typhoid fever usually occurs in developing nations whose sanitary conditions are poor. Typhoid fever is endemic in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Oceania, but 80% of cases come from Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, or Vietnam. Within those countries, typhoid fever is most common in underdeveloped areas. 13. Disease images Rose spots on the chest of a patient with typhoid fever due to the bacteriumSalmonella Lizzie van Zylwas a child inmate in a British-run concentration camp in South Africa who died from typhoid fever during theBoer War(1899–1902) References http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231135-overview#3 http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001332.htm http://www.infectionlandscapes.org/2011/11/typhoid-fever.html http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/ http://textbookofbacteriology.net/salmonella.htm Anthony S. Fauci et al, Harrisons’s Principles of Internal Medicine 17th edition 2008. Gerald L. Mandell et al, Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease 7th edition,2010. [C1]Shows link from Medscape. Article shows several similarities to Medscape article. [C2]Highlight [C3]Highlight

Tablet PCs :: Personal Computers

Tablet PCs Weighing in at 2.5 pounds the Table PC is the newest creation in the world of portable computers. Instead of having to use a mouse and keyboard this new computer uses only an electronic pen and a few keys. Without even having to hook up to a phone-line you can wirelessly connect to the Internet. While the computer may be small itself its capabilities are far from it. One model of this PC is called the Convertible. This version looks very much like the normal laptop computer we’re used to today. With the other PC’s you don’t use a keyboard but with this one you have the option. If you’d rather type you simply rotate the computer and use the keyboard. If you’d prefer to use the note-take features you turn it back and begin writing with the pen as if you normally would. A second model of the tablet is the Slate PC. This version is very lightweight and convenient to use during meetings for note-taking. This version is easily able to dock right into your regular PC for use with a full screen, mouse and keyboard. It is similar to a laptop but its thin design makes it easy to bring wherever you may need it. While all tablets are able to dock some are easier than others. For example the Windows XP Dual Monitor support system allows you to work on one thing while keeping your notes on another screen. Along with the docking is the â€Å"grab-and-go† feature which allows you to undock so quickly you don’t have to go into standby. The Tablet PC is a very convenient tool for those who are not able to work at a desk with a computer but still need the same functions. These little computers are capable of running Windows XP. A Tablet is also able to run programs such as Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. You are able to customize the PC to exactly fit your needs. â€Å"Using

Biology Assignment, Types of Wounds and Quick Treatments

5 Types of Open Wounds: Abrasion – Abrasions are wounds caused by traumatic scraping and loss of skin. Falls occurring while in motion frequently lead to skin abrasions. Extensive skin loss may occur with high-speed motorcycle or similar accidents. Thorough cleansing and bandaging of abrasions involving small/limited skin loss should be done as first aid. Extensive or deep abrasions require a bigger treatment, which, in the most severe cases, may include skin grafting (used to permanently replace damaged or missing skin or to provide a temporary wound covering). Lacerations – Lacerations consist of cuts to the skin caused by sharp objects.Broken glass, knives, and other sharp tools are what commonly cause/started skin lacerations. In â€Å"Common Simple Emergencies,† thorough cleansing of a laceration wound is important in preventing wound infection. Adhesive strips, tissue adhesive, skin staples or stitches can be used to close a laceration wound. How to close a laceration wounds depends on the location, shape, size and the severity of the wound. Punctures – Puncture wounds result from forceful, deep skin penetration by slender objects. Accidentally stepping on a nail or other sharp object is a common cause of puncture wounds.Punctures wounds provided bacteria with an entryway into the deep layers of the skin where they can grow. The risk for tetanus, an infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tentani, in simpler words meaning, infection from dirty metallic objects may provide health concern. Puncture wounds can be treated through cleansing and making sure you are up to date with your tetanus vaccination. Puncture wounds associated with animal, such as bees or most commonly dogs and human bites may require some medicine/antibiotic treatment because of the high risk infection to the bone and flesh.Animal bites may require rabies vaccination if the animal has rabies, or if their current status is unknown. Incision – Rarel y occurs, unless when handling knives, or bumping into something sharp, incision is almost like a scratch except deeper and more serious. More like a cut in the skin caused by a sharp object such as a knife, broken glass, scissors or surgeon's scalpel. Incision wounds are also â€Å"neat† (does not affect a large amount of area with little wounds) and the edges of the skin are usually smooth (not damaged, more like split)Avulsion – An injury in which a body structure is forcibly detached. It most commonly refers to a surface trauma where all layers of the skin have been torn away; exposing the underlying structures (e. g. subcutaneous tissue, muscle, tendons). This is similar to an abrasion but more severe, as body parts such as an eyelid or an ear can be partially or fully detached from the body. (Simple form: the forced removal of all of layers of the skin, the Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis, revealing tissues, muscles, tendons and sometimes bones underneath)

Scope Statement

This being said we ill find the best locally produced ingredients and buy in bulk in such a way that the ingredients will still be reasonably priced. The sausages and meats will be made in house by our own chefs. We will have our own homemade fresh mozzarella. We will start off as a small bakery that brings authentic Danish baked goods right to the doorstep of Kent, Washington. The SÃ'‘render Bakery will provide items like delicate pastries, cakes for every occasion, homemade bread, and smà ¶rgà ¥sbord sandwiches at a fraction of the cost of other bakeries.We also will create specialty cakes made to look like other teems not traditionally associated with cake like purse cakes shoe cakes etc. We want to develop a relationship with both our suppliers and our customers this way allowing us to sell high quality goods at a reasonable price. We will market our product in the surrounding community and we will have a website so that orders that need time can be placed on line and can be picked up in store.We will host different events like sandwich eating contest that will bring in a customer base. We will host an internet give away that influence customers into the bakery buy offering the first 50 people to place an order a ere gift. Project Deliverables Warm and welcoming environment Great food Dinning area will be built and designed with recycled products Healthy food choices Cakes, P Purchase of equipment Packaging will be environmentally friendly and food safe.Fast and affordable delivery Competitive prices Breakfast and lunch sandwiches Business reoccurring order discounts Project Objectives What are the cost, schedule, and quality objectives of this project? Project Sass motions What are the assumptions on which the project is based? Project Constraints What are the major limiting factors that affect the project? Exclusions What are the boundaries of the project? What is to be included and what is to be excluded from the project?

Free Essays on The Young Life Of Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler’s young life and experiences would one day lead to the destruction he caused as the leader of the Nazi party. His movement would place great importance on a person’s family tree, even making it a matter of life and death. However, the supreme irony is that Hitler’s own grandfather was most likely Jewish. He would never, in truth, know who his grandfather was. Hitler’s father’s uncle had convinced Alois to change his name form Schicklgruber to Hiedler, to continue the family name. However, when it came time to write the name, it went down as Hitler. In 1885, Alois Hitler married the pregnant Klara Polzl. After four miscarriages, Hitler was born in 1889, in the small Austrian village of Branau Am Inn just across from the German Border. At age seven, the family moved to Lambach, an old town containing an old Catholic Benedictine monastery. The ancient monastery was decorated with carved stones and woodwork that contained swastikas. Adolf attended school there and saw them every day. Adolf did well in this school and singing in the choir during high mass left a very deep impression. One day, Hitler found books in his father’s collection having to do with the military. These included a picture book on the War of 1870-71 between the Germans and the French, he later admits that this book became an obsession. â€Å"It was not long before that great historic struggle had become my greatest spiritual experience. From then on, I became more and more enthusiastic about everything that was in any connected with war or, for that matter, with soldering.† Hitler stated in Mein Kampf. Playing cowboys and Indians gave way to battle re-enactments. However, when his little brother died at age six, Adolf, the b oy who loved war play and ‘pretend’ death now had to confront death for the first time. It appears to have shaken him badly. To make matters worse, the boy was buried in the cemetery behind his house, to ... Free Essays on The Young Life Of Adolf Hitler Free Essays on The Young Life Of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler’s young life and experiences would one day lead to the destruction he caused as the leader of the Nazi party. His movement would place great importance on a person’s family tree, even making it a matter of life and death. However, the supreme irony is that Hitler’s own grandfather was most likely Jewish. He would never, in truth, know who his grandfather was. Hitler’s father’s uncle had convinced Alois to change his name form Schicklgruber to Hiedler, to continue the family name. However, when it came time to write the name, it went down as Hitler. In 1885, Alois Hitler married the pregnant Klara Polzl. After four miscarriages, Hitler was born in 1889, in the small Austrian village of Branau Am Inn just across from the German Border. At age seven, the family moved to Lambach, an old town containing an old Catholic Benedictine monastery. The ancient monastery was decorated with carved stones and woodwork that contained swastikas. Adolf attended school there and saw them every day. Adolf did well in this school and singing in the choir during high mass left a very deep impression. One day, Hitler found books in his father’s collection having to do with the military. These included a picture book on the War of 1870-71 between the Germans and the French, he later admits that this book became an obsession. â€Å"It was not long before that great historic struggle had become my greatest spiritual experience. From then on, I became more and more enthusiastic about everything that was in any connected with war or, for that matter, with soldering.† Hitler stated in Mein Kampf. Playing cowboys and Indians gave way to battle re-enactments. However, when his little brother died at age six, Adolf, the b oy who loved war play and ‘pretend’ death now had to confront death for the first time. It appears to have shaken him badly. To make matters worse, the boy was buried in the cemetery behind his house, to ...

Guyana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Guyana - Essay Example The more numerous coastal peoples are chiefly descendants of slaves from Africa and indentured workers from India, who were originally imported to work the coastal sugarcane plantations. Racial problems between the latter two groups have played a disruptive role in Guyanese society. Politically, Guyana has moved on a steady course toward socialism from the time of independence, although after the death of the first prime minister, Forbes Burnham, in 1985, ties with Western powers were strengthened (Encyclopdia Britannica, 2006) Moreover, Guyana is a democratic republic within the British Commonwealth. The nation is divided into 10 regions. The president, currently Bharrat Jagdeo, who serves as chief of state. The prime minister (Samuel Hinds) is appointed by the president and is head of government. All but 3 of the 68-seat National Assembly members are directly elected. The population of Guyana is estimated to be about 767,245.1 Emigration has kept the annual population growth rate well below 1 percent. About 37 percent of the population lives in urban areas, the largest of which are Georgetown, Linden, and New Amsterdam. The villages and fertile acres of the coastal lowlands are home to another 58 percent. The remaining 5 percent, mostly indigenous people, is scattered throughout the interior. As the country prides its ethnically diverse heritage, Guyana's largest group is made up of descendants of the East Indian immigrants and comprises nearly 50 percent of the country's population. Next are the Afro-Guyanese (36 percent) and American Indian indigenous peoples (7 percent).2 The remainder includes people of mixed race as well as small groups of ethnic Chinese, English, and Portuguese. Guyana is the third-smallest country in South America after Suriname and Uruguay, and substantial portions of its western and eastern territories are claimed by Venezuela and Suriname respectively. Warrau and Arawak Catholics fled to British Guiana from Venezuela in the 19th century to escape religious persecution. Their settlements, such as Santa Rosa, are protected reservations. Today's indigenous peoples are seeking title to the lands they occupy, as they feel increasingly threatened by local and international companies looking for mineral and timber wealth. At the same time, many indigenous people are taking jobs with these companies in hopes of overcoming poverty on the reservations (Daly 1975, p. 6). Little is known about the Guyana's early inhabitants, but historians speculate they gradually migrated from central South America as early as A.D. 1000. These people were divided into at least nine tribes, including the Warrau, Wapisiana, Machushi, Patamona, Arawak, and Carib. Before the arrival of Europeans, Carib and Arawak tribes called their region as "Guiana", which means "land of waters" (CultureGrams, 2006). The Dutch established the first European trading post in Guyana in 1580 and were soon joined by the English, French, and Spanish. In 1621, the Netherlands established the Dutch West India Company and gave it control of their colony, known as Essequibo. Dutch colonies were later established on the Berbice River (1627) and Demerara

Enhancing quality and safety clinical practice in wards Thesis

Enhancing quality and safety clinical practice in wards - Thesis Example The expertise as well as experience of the nurse is also essential in dealing with the difficult situation and cases demanding critical care and preclusion of accidents. The safety of the patient is of utmost significance and therefore it becomes essential for the hospital management not to suffer with the downturn of experience and efficient nursing staff. Health care is the key to high-quality life, beneath the health care facilities safety of the patient dwells. Health care results portray the kind of care that has been provided and the extent of professional understanding for the quality care. According to Institute of Medicine (IOM), "patient safety is indistinguishable from the delivery of quality health care" (Aspden, 2004). Further, the level of health services in a given condition is directly proportional to the health outcomes. Harteloh (2003), revealed that "Quality [is] an optimal balance between possibilities realized and a framework of norms and values." The positive outcomes of quality health care encompass attainment of apposite personal care, manifestation or expression of health-supporting approach, health-associated eminence of living, judgment of the individual being appropriately cared for along with managing symptoms properly (Mitchell, 2004). In the present scenario, conceptual components of quality are given privilege as compared to other deliberate markers indicating that a profound safety in quality care, success of the care, patient focused approach, well-timed, proficient, unbiased and reasonable predisposition. Safety in health care is the underpinning parameter that leads to the assembly of all other aspect of quality care (Committee on the Quality of Health Care in America). Quality care is the most essential component of the health care. Quality care encompass the patient safety which is the most imperative of all the components of the health care facility. Considering the

Do you agree with the Statement from Lord Patrick Devlin Essay

Do you agree with the Statement from Lord Patrick Devlin - Essay Example Do you agree with the Statement from Lord Patrick Devlin? The general public finds it convenient to refer simply to â€Å"The law† implying that there is one, universally accepted and externally imposed set of rules by which society is governed. Very often, this concept is tied to the individual’s sense of morality and values, perhaps stemming from religious beliefs or cultural experience. Hence it can seem that what is legal is not to be questioned – one system of law is very much like another since humans do understand what is right and what is wrong. And since the law is then instituted to protect individuals within the society, but more importantly the society at large, it may seem that the statement of Lord Patrick Devlin, that theoretically any invasion of privacy, however extreme, must be sanctioned, is accurate (Devlin, 1965: 118). If the society is to be protected, an invasion of the privacy of the individual is a small price to pay. Additionally, the society at large would permit such invasions, since each ind ividual would consider him/herself protected by the invasion of someone else’s privacy. In theory, the protection and service of the society must outweigh the rights of the individual, if the individual threatens that society. Legal practitioners and theorists, however, do debate and consider law as constructed, rather than as an external framework within which societies exist. Furthermore, the purpose of law is not as simply stated as: a set of rules meant to protect the society and the individuals within it, with the safety of the society being more important than that of the individual. In a world apparently embracing democratic and human rights principles more widely, the prioritization of the community over the individual is brought into question. As an overview, laws need to be defined as rules which people agree to be subject to, whether within their communities, or on a wider level, which they agree to within their societies or States. To have effective legal systems, the individuals within communities, societies or the States of the world must agree to abide by the laws they have recognised, and acknowledge the authority of the institutions or people who are appointed to manage those laws. There is, in the making of laws, likely to be some overlap between moral and legal rules but, more importantly, whether there is moral justification for a law or not, there has to be widespread convention within the community or society which recognises a law (Hart, 1994: 258). The argument must stand that there should be a rule of recognition – according to which the individuals within a society do recognise and agree to abide by a law. Some norms of a society do fall within the authority of the legal system, while others are socially accepted norms, not always framed by legal structures. All laws, though, are not necessarily connected to morality but do serve to coerce the members of a society into acceptable behaviours and practices. But laws can on ly be valid when private citizens meet their obligations, or obey the rules, according to the law, and public officials enact the conduct set out within those laws to manage and enact the legal system (Hart, 2004: 110, 116). Often if a legal system is able to meet such criteria, and there are no political reasons for defying the legal system, the population at large will with few exceptions, obey the law. Thus it can be proposed that the â€Å"judgement of society† can â€Å"sanction every invasion of a man's privacy, however extreme†

My drama group comprised Essay Example for Free

My drama group comprised Essay My drama group comprised of five people including myself. We set out to create an improvised piece of drama, thematically based on greed, love, betrayal, envy and revenge. During the time spent preparing for our improvisation, we came across many sources that had an immense influence on our piece. In order to appropriately progress with the play, we had to research the key elements within the sources to which were relevant to our context. As it was an improvised production we did not follow a set script but created a basic guideline from which we could refer to and enable us to keep on track. Our research into these sources was definitely apparent in our final performance, which was acted out in front of our drama set. In this essay, I intend to compare our improvised piece of drama with the sources we used in order to point out the similarities and illustrate the inspiration we drew from them. During the course of producing our play, we used the well-known novel and recently filmed The Count of Monte Cristo to draw influence on certain scenes, which clearly showed up in our final production. The plot of the Count of Monte Cristo is also thematically based upon betrayal, love, greed, envy and revenge. As a young sailor, Edmond Dantes, an honest and humble man whose peaceful life and plans to marry his wife Mercedes are ruined when his supposed best friend, Vernand, betrays him in order to get Mercedes for himself. Edmond is unjustly sentenced to an island prison after being framed by Vernand for high treason and is trapped in a nightmare for thirteen years. This key element is clearly apparent in our piece of drama, as Fernando, a rich and successful man soon to wed his Fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e Victoria, is betrayed by his two deceitful friends who envy his wealth and is cast away by them to a deserted island. Obviously we have shared and incorporated the same basic ideas and themes in order to create an improvised piece of our own. A similar pattern is followed in the theme of revenge. In the Count of Monte Cristo Edmond is aided by an elderly and wise inmate whom he learns from and the two plot to escape from prison but only Edmond succeeds and returns to his mainland execute revenge on those who wronged him, under the title of a mysterious Count of Monte Cristo. We too were able draft the theme of revenge into our play. Fernando is aided by a castaway on the island who helps him survive and teaches him how to fight. Eventually, he escapes back to his homeland alone and executes revenge on his old friends using his new skills. This worked effectively in our production and formed the backbone plot to our final improvisation. Both the periods of the Count of Monte Cristo and our play is set in the mid seventeenth century so more research had to be done to make our characters realistic. Another key source that we researched carefully to progress with our island scene was the film, Cast Away. In this movie, a man is cast away to a deserted island where he is forced to learn how to survive for only one reason, his love for his wife. This inspired our play as the only things which Fernando wants to live for when he is on the island is to see his wife again and to execute revenge on his friends who betrayed him. We used the idea of being abandoned alone from home on an island but we incorporated a companion to our main character, Dartanion, who had been living on the island for more than seven years. Research into his characters speech, movement, body language etc was essential as we could not comprehend how somebody would be like after living alone on an island for seven years and therefore looking into movie of Cast Away was very useful. These two sources were our main areas of influence. However we did look into the classic story Robinson Crusoe where a civilized man meets a savage and teaches him how to be civilised. In the case of our play, a savage man teaches a civilised man to be more savage and the basic survival skills. We made it a point to show the character development of Fernando in terms of acting and the on stage relationship between the two. In conclusion, our play was a joint extract of all these sources combined with our own interpretation and improvisation.

Sexual harassment at work

Sexual harassment at work Sexual Harassment In todays society, men in the organisation understand how to achieve higher positions than women. Indeed, culturally, character, style and ability between men and women are clearly different. There are several things that cause men to be more superior to women, regardless of physical affairs. For example, men are more rational and realistic, more competitive, more courageous, more initiative, and more aggressive. But that does not mean women should always be less than men. As women who live in the modern era of today, there should be a pathway to higher position and achievement in their careers. However women still need to be aware of various barriers that may prevent them from doing so. Nowadays, jobs such as director, manager or even chief executive officer (CEO) position are open to those women capable of filling these demanding positions. Now that women have slowly begun to make their way into organisation studies, the rate of issue such as sexual harassment is now becoming more popular, â€Å"when men and women involve in an emotional closeness may be a positive experience, but sexual harassment is not. Sexual harassment is illegal (Samson Daft, 2006). This assignment will further discuss how the issue of sexual harassment has an effect on womens participation in the workplace. Sexual harassment is any form of sexual connotation or behaviour that may be unilateral and unwanted by the person targeted. The result of sexual abuse may lead victims to feel ashamed, angry, humiliated, offended, and disgusted with the perpetrator. Sexual harassment can happen at any and all levels of an organisation. Women who are moving up the corporate hierarchy by entering male-dominated industries report a high frequency of harassment (Samson Daft, 2006). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) combats sexual harassment by making illegal the acceptance of harassment as a condition of employment, using compliance or not to affect employment decisions with regard to the individual or creating a hostile working environment which may affect the individual performance. Itzin (1995) conducted a major research project with an aim to improving womens position within a local authority organisation. Itzin describes a five part methodology using a survey, interviews, group discussions, statistical data and participant observation to explore the culture and practices of the organisation and to collect data on the position and experience of women. According to Itzins survey results (1995, p.33), the majority of women in the organisation were ‘breadwinners, they work either to support themselves or their families. Most women said they work because they want ‘to pursue a career and ‘self fulfilment. Therefore by looking at this result, Itzin (1995, p.33) suggested ‘that there may be a little difference between the reasons why men and women work and the economic and emotional significance which they attach to their work.† Aside from sexual harassment there are various reasons why women are still far behind men. Through this table (1995, p.34) and diagram, Itzin shows the percentage of women had worked for the local authority for more than seven years and still yet not made any progression to their career . Reasons for women not applying for or not getting another job Reasons % At a disadvantage because of job sharing 5 Lack of encouragement 8 Obstruction from supervisors 8 Sexist Attitudes 8 Racist Attitudes 9 Lack of confidence 24 Lack of interview or job application skills 28 Lack of skills or qualifications necessary for the job 28 Promotion is all what it takes for women to achcieve a higher position. Male management restrict womens chances of prmotion by not providing suitable child care facilities or flexible school holiday arrangements. Itzin (1995, p.38) stated that â€Å"Managers do not encourage women to go for promotion,they said, or administrative staff to cross over into profession. They drew attention to the fact that ‘admin is dominated by women, but men are at the senior level.They thought women were better organizers and lateral thinkers than men, but management jobs were less attractive to women because they take you away from dealing with people and consequently provide less job satisfication.† According to Itzin, Women have to out performed men to get equal recognition and position and tend to have less power than men in the same position. Even though sex segregation is not exactly sexual harassment, but it is still discriminates against women in the organisation. Williams (1995) says that sex segregation almost always occurs in every organization and workplace, where males are in higher positions with higher salaries than women. There are various researches that show that sex segregation is a major obstacle for career women. This manifests as inequality in terms of salary, authority, opportunity in promotions and career advancement. Women are more often placed in a lower position with a smaller salary and without the opportunity to gain promotion (Hossain Kusakabe, 2005). Glass Ceiling discrimination may leads women to have feelings of low self-esteem, slowing down of interest in their jobs and decreased their motivation. The glass ceiling effect is a distinct limiter to a womans advancement into the higher level of corporate management and directorship. ‘â€Å"Ceiling† stresses the limitation of upward progress a woman is subjected to and â€Å"glass† refers to the fact that though the limitation is apparently not written in any rule book, it is nevertheless a defeated fact understood by both the sexes. (ayushveda, 2009). In theory, the effect of the glass ceiling can generally be viewed from two sides such as the demand side and supply side. On the demand side, from outside of the womans appearance, such as discrimination in the workplace, a culture of office man who is very dominant, work rules, and so forth. The glass ceiling in some cases can usually be overcome by using the supply side; it is something that is offered by the woman herself. These aspects include the choice of labour supply, quality of resources, skills possessed, and so forth. Every company toughest challenge that they need to face is to deal with sexual harassment issues. One of the best ways to prevent this situation is to make a sexual harassment policy. Companies must make a written rule that contains the companys commitment to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace. The content of the policy should include the notion of what constitutes sexual harassment, grievance procedures, and punishments that should be meted out to the perpetrators. It should also have counselling available to the victims and the assurance that the complaint made is confidential. Ensure all employees, supervisors, managers, directors, clients are aware of the written rules. Hence the human resource people need to take serious action to ensure that rules are obeyed. In conclusion, there are many courses of action that can be taken by companies and individuals in addressing issues such as sexual harassment and sex discrimination in the workplace. One important thing to note is that the right to pursue a career does not solely belong to men but women are also equally entitled. Although awareness in the workplace of womens right is growing, there is still much to be done to truly have equal opportunity without the threat of sexual harassment and discrimination for women.

A Childs Struggle in Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay -- Alice

A Child's Struggle in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland      Ã‚   Lewis Carroll's Wonderland is a queer little universe where a not so ordinary girl is faced with the contradicting nature of the fantastic creatures who live there. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a child's struggle to survive in the condescending world of adults. The conflict between child and adult gives direction to Alice's adventures and controls all the outstanding features of the work- Alice's character, her relationship with other characters, and the dialogue. " Alice in Wonderland is on one hand so nonsensical that children sometimes feel ashamed to have been interested in anything so silly (Masslich 107)." The underlying message of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a rejection of adult authority. The character of Alice is not at all like what you would find in a typical children's book. "The character of Alice herself is a bit puzzling, even to the modern child, because it does not fit a stereotype. How much more unusual she must have seemed to Victorian children, used to girl angels fated for death (in Dickens, Stowe, and others), or to impossibly virtuous little ladies, or to naughty girls who eventually reform in response to heavy adult pressure... But Alice is neither naughty nor overly nice. Her curiosity leads her into her initial adventure and most of the latter ones in the book... (Leach 119)." As Alice makes her way through Wonderland , she is faced with many pompous personalities that have their own ways of thinking and do not understand why Alice does not agree with their views. Alice takes into consideration what each character says. After becoming quite confused and disgruntled she learns that everyone in Wonderland is in fact m... ...,1865. Empson, William "Alice in Wonderland" Some Versions of Pastoral (1974). 812-14 Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 112- 14. Harris, Laurie, ed. Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 76 vols. Hubbell, George Shelton "The Sanity of Wonderland" The Sewanee Review (1927) 387-98. Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 109. Leach, Elsie "Alice in Wonderland" The Victorian Newsletter (1964) Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 119. Masslich, George B. "A Book Within a Book" The English Journal (1921) 119-29. Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 107.

The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization

The author, Elton Mayo was able to show his ground-breaking work in this book. It is an apt title for it captures what Mayo is trying to say from the onset. The human problems arising from the industrial age is not brought about by machines and technology but surprisingly it comes from how man treats his fellow man. Technology is a tool in the industrial age but it is human behavior that dictates the success and failures of businesses. Mayo's insight seems to be so advanced that one wonders how his ideas was received during his time. An example of his ideas can be seen in the following statements, â€Å"The human aspect of industry has changed considerably [†¦] Whereas the human problems of industry were regarded until recently as lying within the strict province of the specialist, it is now beginning to be realized that a clear statement of such problems [†¦] is necessary to the effective thinking of every business administrator and every economic expert† (p. 1). Another thing that is interesting about this book is the fact that the author focused his research not on how to maximize production and how to increase the productivity on the basis of correct usage of technology. Mayo went the other route and he set his sights on the human aspect of industry. It was such a refreshing view and its effect no doubt is to reawaken the businessman's passion for people and reinvigorate the administrator's basic belief that the most important resource is not the raw materials and the machineries needed to create goods and services; but the people working for the company. Mayo acknowledged that the foray into the human aspect of industrialization is a fairly recent endeavor.   He traced this development in the early research of England's Sir William Mather of the firm of Mather and Platt in Manchester. Mather experimented on reducing the weekly hours of working. The result was positive and production increased while there is a significant reduction of time lost. From this experiment Mayo expressed amazement at this breakthrough. For the first time there is now a documented body of evidence that improving work conditions can improve the efficiency of the operations. But Mayo was quick to point out that the only significant development coming from this discovery is the institution of the forty-eight hour week in the â€Å"arsenals and dockyards of the British government† (p.2).   Mayo lamented however that, â€Å"†¦apart from this, the results of the experiment did not lead to any general adoption of analogous methods on the part of the privately owned establishments† (p.2). Fatigue According to Mayo the general disregard for this revolutionary idea of the positive effects of improving working conditions continued until the World Wars came. In this special circumstances behaviorists and like-minded individuals were exposed for the very first time on the varying forces and factors that affect a large scale production area such as those that produces munitions for the war. â€Å"Apparently no one had ever sufficiently considered the enormous demand upon industry that would be organized by a war-machine organized upon so heroic a scale [†¦] The authorities became aware of the â€Å"national lack of knowledge of the primary laws governing human efficiency† (p.2). Monotony In the recently described problem of sustained activity and heavy workload, the government created health committees to assure the continuous ability of worker to perform at a higher level. The same health committee was able to discover that fatigue is not the only problem. There is also such a thing as monotony caused by repetitive work. Dr. H. M. Vernon, one of the influential members of the committee and board suggested two possible solutions to this problem: 1) the use of rest-pause (or taking breaks); and 2) creating variety in repetitive work (p.29). At his point it is good to take a pause and re-examine one of the highpoints of the book. In the description of major concepts or major problems that human beings face in the industrialized world, Mayo was able to build a believable case. Again, one has to remember that this was written from a world view that just came out of the agricultural economy of the old world. In that old way of doing things, management of workers depended on a very crude method of determining what to do and what not to do. In the agricultural system workers are dictated by nature and the seasons. In other words, summer is the time for planting and winter is the time for rest. Crops mature, gets harvested and a new cycle of planting begins. The seasons of harvest and of the four major climate changes were the only needed time frame which man uses to create a human resource management scheme. In the industrial age everything was different. When factories were build and warehouses were made, men and women are placed inside shelters that are not affected by weather and climate. Inside these workplaces people can even work on 24 hour shifts 12 months a year, winter, spring, summer and fall. That transition from the old to the new was expertly captured by Elton Mayo in the introductory chapters when he was describing the nature of fatigue and monotony. No doubt fatigue and monotony are not exclusive in the industrial age but there was no way of bringing it into focus and there is no way of placing it in an environment where it could be studied. Mayo was successful in using the setting of the two World Wars to provide a backdrop and some needed contrast between the farming systems and the industries that sprang up in the 20th century. Mayo could have used other examples to show forth the differences between the two worlds but the readers may not be able to appreciate it as much as when he used the historical development of the early 1900s. By doing so, the readers could see the transition from farm to industries. Then he was able to paint the picture of the new human problems encountered in the new scheme of doing things. Not Merely Improving Conditions Elton Mayo was not merely contented in sharing groundbreaking research. Just like every researcher worth his salt, Mayo pushed the newly discovered idea to the limit. In re-examining the Hawthorne experiment, the author was implying that it is not merely the improving of working conditions that affected the efficiency of workers but it is due to a host of other factors and one of them is called â€Å"morale†. In succeeding chapters Mayo was able to explain morale and gave examples to illustrate it. His favorite model though is an organization called the Western Electric Company. He listed the innovative ways that the company tried just to improve efficiency: 1) nutrition (access to an affordable restaurant; 2) access to clinic/hospital; 3) training opportunities; 4) vacation packages etc. This prompted him to say, â€Å"†¦an unmistakable determination to fulfill humane intention to the utmost† (p. 99). Society and Industry Surprisingly, the author did not rest in the fact that he had discovered something really revolutionary. Instead of stopping he continued on with his research. It may be an understatement that he was trying his best to get to the bottom of things. After the numerous experiments that brought the readers from a 19th century firm to World War I munition factory and then to an Electric Company, Mayo did not only wanted to be diverse but he also wanted to change the conditions of the experiment. In the latter part of the book he described the effects of the environment or the society in the ability of workers to give a decent output. To have a good feedback Mayo chose areas where delinquency is a problem. Governments and Industry To complete his holistic approach Mayo has to tackle the role of governments. He was confident in saying that the form of government is insignificant since human problems in the industrial age remains the same wherever one goes. By reaching this part of the research one can say that Mayo has come full circle and was able to show not only that there is a need to look closely into the human aspect of industry but also that there are many factors to be considered. Conclusion The way the book builds its case and the flow of information is very satisfying for both the student and researcher. Mayo was able to slowly build his case using a not so heavy historical approach. By using highpoint in the history of man, he was able to provide a sketch of how human problems in the industrial age came to be. He was not only able to show the cause of the problems but Mayo was also able to show convincingly the cures for this ills. To make his argument rock solid he was not merely content on using feedbacks from one particular source or even one particular method of study. He brought the readers to insights in human behavior in the late 19th century and demonstrated that it was consistent even after the turn of the century. By using multiple sources of data the readers can be easily convinced about the assertions made in the book. In so doing the author was able to make it clear what he meant by, â€Å"The Human Problems of An Industrial Civilization†. References Mayo, Elton(1933) The Human Problems of An Industrial Civilization. In K. Thompson (Ed.) The Early Sociology of Management and Organizations. New York: Routledge.